CMS 2016 Paper I \u2013 Part C (Q81\u2013Q120)<\/title>\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Playfair+Display:wght@600;700&family=Source+Serif+4:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,600;1,400&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n<style>\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Namespace: cms16p1c \u2500\u2500 *\/\n#cms16p1c *,#cms16p1c *::before,#cms16p1c *::after{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}\n\n#cms16p1c{\n --ter:#C0603A;--ter-light:#e8825f;--ter-pale:#fdf1ec;\n --teal:#2A7A6F;--teal-light:#3da394;--teal-pale:#eaf4f3;\n --ink:#1a1a1a;--ink-mid:#444;--ink-soft:#777;\n --line:#e0d8d4;--bg:#fdfaf8;--white:#ffffff;\n --correct:#1e6f46;--correct-bg:#eaf7ef;--correct-border:#43a047;\n --wrong:#b83232;--wrong-bg:#fdf0f0;--wrong-border:#e53935;\n --radius:10px;\n font-family:'Source Serif 4',Georgia,serif;\n font-size:16px;color:var(--ink);background:var(--bg);\n line-height:1.7;padding:0 0 48px;\n}\n\n#cms16p1c .cq-sentinel{height:1px}\n\n#cms16p1c .cq-statusbar{\n 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.cq-retry-btn:hover{background:var(--teal);color:var(--white)}\n\n@media(max-width:480px){\n #cms16p1c .cq-header h1{font-size:1.15rem}\n #cms16p1c .cq-qtext{font-size:0.88rem}\n #cms16p1c .cq-opt-text{font-size:0.84rem}\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n<div id=\"cms16p1c\">\n\n <div class=\"cq-sentinel\" id=\"cms16p1c-sentinel\"><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cq-statusbar\" id=\"cms16p1c-statusbar\">\n <div class=\"cq-sb-stats\">\n <div class=\"cq-timer-item\" id=\"cms16p1c-timer-item\">\u23f1 <strong id=\"cms16p1c-timer-display\">40:00<\/strong><\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-sb-item\">\u2705 <strong id=\"cms16p1c-sc\">0<\/strong><\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-sb-item\">\u274c <strong id=\"cms16p1c-sw\">0<\/strong><\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-sb-item\">\u23f3 <strong id=\"cms16p1c-sr\">40<\/strong> left<\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-sb-sep\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-sb-item\">Net <strong id=\"cms16p1c-sn\">0<\/strong> \/ <strong id=\"cms16p1c-sm\">160<\/strong><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-sb-progress\"><div class=\"cq-sb-fill\" id=\"cms16p1c-fill\"><\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cq-grace\" id=\"cms16p1c-grace\">\n <div class=\"cq-grace-box\">\n <h3>Time's Up!<\/h3>\n <p>Submitting in<\/p>\n <div class=\"cq-grace-count\" id=\"cms16p1c-grace-count\">10<\/div>\n <button class=\"cq-grace-btn\" id=\"cms16p1c-grace-now\">Submit Now<\/button>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cq-header\">\n <h1>Combined Medical Services Examination 2016<br>Paper I \u00b7 Part C<\/h1>\n <p>Paediatrics \u00b7 General Studies \u00b7 Environment \u00b7 Food Science<\/p>\n <div class=\"cq-meta\">\n <span class=\"cq-badge\">Questions 81 \u2013 120<\/span>\n <span class=\"cq-badge\">Options reshuffled<\/span>\n <button class=\"cq-timer-btn\" id=\"cms16p1c-timer-btn\">\u23f1 Start Timed Mode<\/button>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cq-body\">\n <div id=\"cms16p1c-questions\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-submit-wrap\">\n <button class=\"cq-btn\" id=\"cms16p1c-submit\">Submit Answers<\/button>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-score\" id=\"cms16p1c-score\">\n <div class=\"cq-score-ring\" id=\"cms16p1c-ring\">\n <div class=\"cq-ring-inner\">\n <span class=\"cq-ring-pct\" id=\"cms16p1c-ring-pct\">0%<\/span>\n <span class=\"cq-ring-sub\">score<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <h2>Your Result<\/h2>\n <div class=\"cq-net-line\" id=\"cms16p1c-net-line\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-verdict\" id=\"cms16p1c-verdict\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-score-bands\">\n <span class=\"cq-band cq-band-c\" id=\"cms16p1c-ct-c\"><\/span>\n <span class=\"cq-band cq-band-w\" id=\"cms16p1c-ct-w\"><\/span>\n <span class=\"cq-band cq-band-s\" id=\"cms16p1c-ct-s\"><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <button class=\"cq-retry-btn\" id=\"cms16p1c-retry\">\u21ba Retry Quiz<\/button>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<script>\n(function(){\n 'use strict';\n const NS='cms16p1c', TOTAL=40, MAX=TOTAL*4;\n const TIMER_SECS=40*60;\n const GRACE_SECS=10;\n\n const QUESTIONS=[\n {\n id:81,\n stem:'For a three-year-old male child, the height for age is 82% of the expected for that age and weight for height is 65% of the expected value. The child is labelled as:',\n correct:'Wasted and stunted',\n options:['Normal','Wasted','Stunted','Wasted and stunted'],\n exp:'Stunting = low height-for-age (chronic malnutrition) \u2014 height 82% of expected means height-for-age is below 90% (cut-off), so the child is STUNTED. Wasting = low weight-for-height (acute malnutrition) \u2014 weight-for-height 65% of expected is well below the 80% cut-off (Waterlow criteria), so the child is also WASTED. When both are present simultaneously, the child is classified as wasted AND stunted, indicating both acute and chronic malnutrition coexisting.'\n },\n {\n id:82,\n stem:'For early infant diagnosis of HIV infection, which of the following tests is used as per the national programme?',\n correct:'DNA PCR test',\n options:['ELISA (IgG antibody test)','DNA PCR test','p24 antigen test','CD4 count'],\n exp:'In infants born to HIV-positive mothers, maternal IgG antibodies cross the placenta and persist up to 18 months, making antibody-based tests (ELISA, Western blot) unreliable before 18 months. The national programme (IMNCI\/RNTCP) uses HIV-1 DNA PCR (from dried blood spot on filter paper) for Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months. DNA PCR detects proviral DNA directly and is highly sensitive and specific in infants from 4\u20136 weeks of age.'\n },\n {\n id:83,\n stem:'A normal three-year-old baby should be able to do the following tasks EXCEPT:',\n correct:'Copying a square',\n options:['Using hands and feet simultaneously','Riding a tricycle','Copying a square','Using a pair of scissors'],\n exp:'Developmental milestones at 3 years: rides a tricycle (gross motor), uses scissors (fine motor), uses hands and feet simultaneously (bilateral coordination). Copying a SQUARE is a milestone achieved at 4\u20134.5 years, not 3 years. At 3 years, a child can copy a CIRCLE and a CROSS. Drawing a square requires more advanced visual-motor integration. The sequence is: circle (3 yr) \u2192 cross (3.5 yr) \u2192 square (4\u20134.5 yr) \u2192 triangle (5 yr) \u2192 diamond (6 yr).'\n },\n {\n id:84,\n stem:'A seven-year-old child presents with intermittent claudication, pain and weakness of legs and dyspnoea on running. Examination shows delayed and weak femoral pulses compared to brachial arteries. The heart size is normal with a left ventricular forcible apex. The most probable diagnosis is:',\n correct:'Coarctation of aorta',\n options:['Ventricular septal defect','Patent ductus arteriosus','Atrial septal defect','Coarctation of aorta'],\n exp:'The hallmark of coarctation of the aorta is radio-femoral delay \u2014 brachial pulses are strong and early while femoral pulses are weak and delayed. Lower limb claudication and effort dyspnoea result from reduced aortic flow distal to the coarctation. LV is hypertrophied (forcible apex beat) due to increased afterload. Hypertension in arms with hypotension in legs is characteristic. Rib notching (from collaterals) is seen on CXR. This is the classic teaching case for coarctation.'\n },\n {\n id:85,\n stem:'A seven-day-old baby presents with vomiting and diarrhoea. Examination reveals cataract in both eyes and jaundice. What is the most probable diagnosis?',\n correct:'Galactosaemia',\n options:['Rh incompatibility','Galactosaemia','Congenital rubella syndrome','Congenital syphilis'],\n exp:'The triad of neonatal jaundice, bilateral cataracts, and vomiting\/diarrhoea starting in the first week of life after milk feeding is classic galactosaemia (galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency). Accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate damages the liver (jaundice, hepatomegaly), brain, kidneys, and lens (cataracts). Congenital rubella causes cataracts but usually presents with cardiac defects and SNHL. Rh incompatibility causes haemolytic jaundice without cataracts or GI symptoms.'\n },\n {\n id:86,\n stem:'The treatment of choice for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome is:',\n correct:'Intravenous immunoglobulins',\n options:['Corticosteroids','Intravenous immunoglobulins','Cyclosporins','ACTH'],\n exp:'Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy) is treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg, 0.4 g\/kg\/day \u00d7 5 days) or plasma exchange \u2014 both are equally effective and are the only disease-modifying treatments with proven benefit. Corticosteroids are specifically CONTRAINDICATED in GBS as they have been shown to worsen outcome and prolong recovery. Cyclosporin and ACTH have no role. Supportive care (ventilation for respiratory failure) is critical.'\n },\n {\n id:87,\n stem:'A two-year-old child is admitted with history of fever for two weeks and convulsions for the last one day. CSF examination shows: elevated pressure (30\u201340 cm H\u2082O), clear CSF, lymphocytic pleocytosis (250 cells\/mm\u00b3), elevated protein, and low chloride levels. What is the most probable diagnosis?',\n correct:'Tubercular meningitis',\n options:['Pyogenic meningitis','Tubercular meningitis','Acute encephalitis','Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)'],\n exp:'The CSF profile \u2014 clear fluid, lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated protein, LOW chloride (reduced along with low glucose in TBM), and elevated pressure \u2014 with a subacute 2-week febrile course in a child is classic tubercular meningitis. Low CSF chloride is a hallmark of TBM (parallels low glucose). Pyogenic meningitis has turbid CSF with neutrophilic pleocytosis and very low glucose. Encephalitis may show pleocytosis but normal\/near-normal protein and glucose. SSPE has high IgG\/measles antibodies, no fever-driven pleocytosis.'\n },\n {\n id:88,\n stem:'Features of Turner syndrome in childhood include the following EXCEPT:',\n correct:'Polydactyly',\n options:['Webbed neck','Cubitus valgus','Shield chest with widely spaced nipples','Polydactyly'],\n exp:'Turner syndrome (45, XO) features: short stature, webbed neck (pterygium colli), low posterior hairline, shield chest with widely spaced nipples, cubitus valgus (increased carrying angle), lymphoedema of hands\/feet at birth, coarctation of aorta, streak gonads, and primary amenorrhoea. Polydactyly (extra digits) is NOT a feature of Turner syndrome \u2014 it is seen in trisomy 13 (Patau), trisomy 18 (Edward), and various skeletal dysplasias. All the other listed features are classic Turner stigmata.'\n },\n {\n id:89,\n stem:'The following drugs can be used as steroid-sparing agents in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome in children EXCEPT:',\n correct:'Aspirin',\n options:['Levamisole','Aspirin','Cyclophosphamide','Mycophenolate mofetil'],\n exp:'Steroid-sparing agents in childhood nephrotic syndrome (for steroid-dependent or frequently-relapsing cases): levamisole (immunomodulator, restores T-cell function), cyclophosphamide (alkylating agent, induces prolonged remission), mycophenolate mofetil (inhibits lymphocyte proliferation), tacrolimus, and rituximab. Aspirin has NO role as a steroid-sparing agent in nephrotic syndrome \u2014 it is not immunosuppressive. It may be used as antiplatelet therapy in some protocols but is not a steroid-sparing drug.'\n },\n {\n id:90,\n stem:'In childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, the following are good prognostic factors EXCEPT:',\n correct:'Hypodiploidy',\n options:['Age between 1 and 9 years','Female sex','Leucocyte count less than 50,000\/mm\u00b3','Hypodiploidy'],\n exp:'Good prognostic factors in childhood ALL: age 1\u20139 years (NCI standard risk), female sex (slightly better than male), WBC <50,000\/mm\u00b3 (low tumour burden), B-cell precursor phenotype, hyperdiploidy >50 chromosomes (responds well to methotrexate), and TEL-AML1 (ETV6-RUNX1) translocation. Hypodiploidy (<45 chromosomes) is a POOR prognostic factor \u2014 associated with inferior response to therapy and worse event-free survival. Near-haploidy (<30 chromosomes) is especially ominous.'\n },\n {\n id:91,\n stem:'Consider the following statements:\\n1. Biodiversity is normally greater in the lower latitudes as compared to the higher latitudes.\\n2. Along the mountain gradients, biodiversity is normally greater in the lower altitudes as compared to the higher altitudes.\\n\\nWhich of the statements given above is\/are correct?',\n correct:'Both 1 and 2',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'Both statements reflect well-established ecological gradients. (1) The latitudinal diversity gradient: species richness is highest near the equator (tropics) and declines towards the poles, due to greater solar energy, year-round growing season, and evolutionary time. (2) The altitudinal diversity gradient mirrors the latitudinal gradient \u2014 lower altitudes have warmer temperatures, greater habitat complexity, and more resources, supporting higher biodiversity than cold, resource-limited high altitudes. Both statements are correct.'\n },\n {\n id:92,\n stem:'There is a growing concern about the melting of Arctic permafrost. Why?',\n correct:'It will result in the increase of methane concentration in atmosphere',\n options:['It will result in the increase of methane concentration in atmosphere','All the countries surrounding North Pole will be permanently submerged','The temperature of ocean currents will be drastically altered','The pH of the ocean water will be drastically changed'],\n exp:'Arctic permafrost contains enormous quantities of frozen organic carbon (estimated >1.5 trillion tonnes). As permafrost thaws due to global warming, soil microbes decompose this organic matter under anaerobic conditions, producing methane (CH\u2084) \u2014 a greenhouse gas ~80\u00d7 more potent than CO\u2082 over 20 years. This creates a dangerous positive feedback loop: warming \u2192 permafrost melt \u2192 methane release \u2192 more warming. This is the primary climate concern, not submergence or ocean pH (which is more related to CO\u2082 dissolution).'\n },\n {\n id:93,\n stem:'With reference to the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostics Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994, which of the following statements is\/are correct?\\n1. Every offence under this Act is cognizable non-bailable.\\n2. For the first offence, the penalty for the doctor is \\'up to 7 years of imprisonment with a fine up to Rs. 1,00,000\\'.\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'1 only',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'PC-PNDT Act 1994 (amended 2003): (1) All offences under the Act are cognizable and non-bailable \u2014 statement 1 is CORRECT. (2) For the FIRST offence: imprisonment up to 3 years and\/or fine up to Rs. 10,000 (not 7 years\/1,00,000). For the SECOND and subsequent offences: imprisonment up to 5 years and\/or fine up to Rs. 50,000. Statement 2 incorrectly states 7 years and Rs. 1,00,000 \u2014 these figures are WRONG. Only statement 1 is correct.'\n },\n {\n id:94,\n stem:'\\'Nagoya Protocol\\', sometimes seen in news, refers to:',\n correct:'Convention on Biological Diversity',\n options:['Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora','Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals','Convention on Biological Diversity','Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat'],\n exp:'The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilisation (ABS) is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), adopted in Nagoya, Japan in 2010 and in force since 2014. It creates a transparent framework for accessing genetic resources and ensuring fair sharing of benefits with the countries and communities providing those resources. CITES = wildlife trade; CMS = migratory species; Ramsar = wetlands.'\n },\n {\n id:95,\n stem:'Some substances known as \\'Short-Lived Climate Forcers\\' (SLCF) assume importance in the context of climate change. Which of the following is\/are SLCF?\\n1. Black carbon\\n2. Carbon dioxide\\n3. Hydrofluorocarbons\\n4. Methane\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'1, 3 and 4 only',\n options:['1 and 2 only','1, 3 and 4 only','3 and 4 only','1, 2, 3 and 4'],\n exp:'Short-Lived Climate Forcers (SLCFs) have atmospheric lifetimes of days to decades (not centuries). They include: black carbon (days to weeks), methane (CH\u2084, ~12 years), HFCs (months to decades), tropospheric ozone, and aerosols. CO\u2082 has an atmospheric lifetime of centuries to millennia \u2014 it is a LONG-lived greenhouse gas, NOT an SLCF. Statements 1 (black carbon), 3 (HFCs), and 4 (methane) are SLCFs. Statement 2 (CO\u2082) is not.'\n },\n {\n id:96,\n stem:'Consider the following statements:\\n1. Production of cement blended with fly ash or slag (blended cement) is less energy efficient compared to ordinary portland cement.\\n2. \\'Electricity and heat production\\' together constitute the single largest contributor of greenhouse gases in India.\\n\\nWhich of the statements given above is\/are correct?',\n correct:'2 only',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'Statement 1 is FALSE: Blended cement (fly ash + slag) is MORE energy efficient than ordinary Portland cement because it reduces the proportion of clinker (the energy-intensive component requiring kiln firing at ~1450\u00b0C). Using industrial by-products also reduces emissions. Statement 2 is CORRECT: globally and in India, electricity and heat production (thermal power plants burning coal) is the largest sectoral contributor to GHG emissions \u2014 approximately 25\u201330% globally and dominant in India given coal dependence. Only statement 2 is correct.'\n },\n {\n id:97,\n stem:'What is the present share of agriculture and allied sectors in the Gross Domestic Product of India?',\n correct:'Less than 20%',\n options:['Less than 20%','Between 20% and 30%','Between 31% and 35%','Above 35%'],\n exp:'India\\'s agriculture and allied sectors (farming, forestry, fishing) contributed approximately 15\u201318% of GDP at the time of this examination (2016), and the trend has continued downward in subsequent years (around 15\u201317% by the early 2020s). While agriculture employs the largest share of the workforce (~45%), its GDP share is well below 20% \u2014 reflecting the structural shift towards services and manufacturing. Option (a) \"Less than 20%\" is correct for the 2016 context.'\n },\n {\n id:98,\n stem:'The global warming potential is highest among which of the following greenhouse gases?',\n correct:'SF\u2086',\n options:['CO\u2082','CH\u2084','N\u2082O','SF\u2086'],\n exp:'Global Warming Potential (GWP) over 100 years: CO\u2082 = 1 (reference), CH\u2084 = ~28\u201336, N\u2082O = ~265\u2013298, SF\u2086 (sulphur hexafluoride) = ~23,500. SF\u2086 has by far the highest GWP of all gases listed \u2014 it is used as an electrical insulator in high-voltage equipment and as a tracer gas. It also has an extremely long atmospheric lifetime (~3,200 years). Among these four options, SF\u2086 has the greatest global warming potential per unit mass.'\n },\n {\n id:99,\n stem:'Which of the following is\/are included in the Kyoto Protocol?\\n1. Brominated flame retardants\\n2. Methyl alcohol\\n3. Hydrofluorocarbons\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'3 only',\n options:['1 and 2','2 and 3','3 only','1 only'],\n exp:'The Kyoto Protocol (1997) covers six greenhouse gases: CO\u2082, CH\u2084, N\u2082O, HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons), PFCs (perfluorocarbons), and SF\u2086. HFCs (statement 3) are included. Brominated flame retardants are regulated under the Stockholm Convention on POPs \u2014 NOT Kyoto Protocol. Methyl alcohol (methanol) is NOT a Kyoto Protocol gas. HFCs were later targeted for phase-down under the Kigali Amendment (2016) to the Montreal Protocol. Only statement 3 is correct for Kyoto.'\n },\n {\n id:100,\n stem:'In the context of food processing, the addition of sulfites to fruits and vegetables has which of the following effects?\\n1. Prevention of browning\\n2. Increase in sour taste\\n3. Destruction of thiamine\\n4. Preservation of thiamine\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'1 and 3 only',\n options:['1 and 3 only','2 and 3 only','2 and 4','1, 2 and 3'],\n exp:'Sulfites (SO\u2082, sodium metabisulphite) in food processing: (1) Prevent enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning (Maillard reaction) by inhibiting polyphenol oxidase and reacting with carbonyl groups \u2014 CORRECT. (2) They do not increase sour taste \u2014 WRONG. (3) Sulfites cleave the thiamine molecule (destroy the thiazole ring) \u2014 thiamine destruction is a well-known adverse effect of sulfite use \u2014 CORRECT. (4) Therefore they cannot preserve thiamine. Statements 1 and 3 are correct.'\n },\n {\n id:101,\n stem:'Which of the following has\/have antioxidant properties?\\n1. Ascorbic acid\\n2. Butylated hydroxyanisole\\n3. Stannous chloride\\n4. Tocopherol\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'1, 2, 3 and 4',\n options:['1, 2 and 3 only','2, 3 and 4 only','1 and 4 only','1, 2, 3 and 4'],\n exp:'All four have antioxidant activity: (1) Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) \u2014 primary water-soluble antioxidant, donates electrons to neutralise free radicals. (2) Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) \u2014 synthetic phenolic antioxidant used as a food preservative in fats\/oils. (3) Stannous chloride (SnCl\u2082) \u2014 used as an antioxidant\/reducing agent in canned foods and beverages to prevent oxidative discolouration. (4) Tocopherol (Vitamin E) \u2014 primary fat-soluble antioxidant, protects membrane lipids. All four are recognised antioxidants in food science.'\n },\n {\n id:102,\n stem:'In food processing, which of the following is\/are used as emulsifiers?\\n1. Carboxymethyl cellulose\\n2. Ethylene diamine tetra acetate\\n3. Propylene glycol\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'1 and 3 only',\n options:['1 only','2 and 3 only','1 and 3 only','1, 2 and 3'],\n exp:'Emulsifiers stabilise oil-water mixtures in food. (1) Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) acts as an emulsifier and thickener\/stabiliser in ice cream, salad dressings, and processed foods \u2014 correct. (3) Propylene glycol (propane-1,2-diol) functions as a humectant, solvent, and emulsifier in food products \u2014 correct. (2) EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetate) is a CHELATING AGENT\/preservative used to sequester metal ions and prevent rancidity \u2014 it is NOT an emulsifier. So 1 and 3 are emulsifiers.'\n },\n {\n id:103,\n stem:'To test the adulteration of milk, 3 ml of milk is boiled, cooled to room temperature, and two or three drops of iodine solution is added. The milk turned blue. This indicates that the milk is adulterated with:',\n correct:'Starch',\n options:['Sodium bicarbonate','Glucose','Starch','Urea'],\n exp:'The iodine test for starch is based on the formation of a deep blue-black complex when iodine (I\u2083\u207b) binds within the helical structure of amylose in starch. Starch is commonly added to milk as an adulterant to increase apparent viscosity and solid content. Turning blue on adding iodine solution is the confirmatory test for starch adulteration. Sodium bicarbonate adulteration is tested with Rosolic acid. Urea is detected by urease + bromothymol blue. Glucose addition is tested by Benedict\\'s reagent.'\n },\n {\n id:104,\n stem:'With reference to food preservation, which of the following statements is\/are correct?\\n1. Pasteurisation means the heating of a food product to a sufficiently high temperature to kill all the microorganisms present in it.\\n2. In the case of food preservation by sterilisation by heat, foods high in acid are very easily sterilised as compared to those low in acid.\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'2 only',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'Statement 1 is FALSE: Pasteurisation does NOT kill ALL microorganisms \u2014 it kills pathogens and reduces spoilage organisms, but heat-resistant spores (e.g., Clostridium) survive. STERILISATION (autoclaving) kills all organisms. Pasteurisation extends shelf life without complete sterilisation. Statement 2 is CORRECT: high-acid foods (pH <4.6, e.g., tomatoes, fruit juices) are more easily heat-sterilised because the acidic environment inhibits bacterial growth and the germination of spores, requiring lower temperatures\/time.'\n },\n {\n id:105,\n stem:'Consider the following statements:\\n1. Pasteurisation by heat is used in the processing of fruit juices.\\n2. Water glass is used in the preservation of eggs.\\n\\nWhich of the statements given above is\/are correct?',\n correct:'Both 1 and 2',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'Statement 1 is CORRECT: Fruit juices are pasteurised (heated to 62\u201372\u00b0C for specified times) to destroy pathogens and spoilage yeasts\/moulds while preserving nutritional value. HTST and flash pasteurisation are used commercially for juices. Statement 2 is CORRECT: Water glass (sodium silicate solution) is a traditional method of preserving eggs \u2014 eggs are immersed in the solution which seals the porous shell, preventing CO\u2082 and water loss and blocking microbial entry, extending shelf life for months. Both statements are correct.'\n },\n {\n id:106,\n stem:'With reference to irradiation for food processing, which of the following statements is\/are correct?\\n1. Cobalt-60 produces ionising radiation, therefore it is used in the process of irradiation of food.\\n2. Ultra-violet rays are the only ionising radiation used for irradiation of food.\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'1 only',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'Statement 1 is CORRECT: Cobalt-60 emits gamma rays (ionising radiation) and is widely used as a gamma irradiation source for food irradiation to eliminate pathogens, extend shelf life, and prevent sprouting (e.g., in spices, grains, meat). Statement 2 is FALSE: UV rays are NON-ionising radiation (insufficient energy to ionise atoms); they are used for surface decontamination of water\/air but not for bulk food irradiation. Ionising radiation sources for food include gamma (Co-60, Cs-137), electron beams, and X-rays.'\n },\n {\n id:107,\n stem:'Among the following pairs of States, in India, major deposits of bauxite are concentrated in:',\n correct:'Jharkhand and Odisha',\n options:['Jharkhand and Odisha','Assam and West Bengal','Bihar and Haryana','Punjab and Rajasthan'],\n exp:'India is among the world\\'s top bauxite producers. Major deposits are concentrated in: Odisha (largest reserves, especially in Koraput and Kalahandi districts), Jharkhand (Lohardaga, Ranchi), Andhra Pradesh\/Telangana, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh. The eastern plateau region (Odisha and Jharkhand) hosts the bulk of India\\'s laterite-associated bauxite. Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, and Rajasthan are not significant bauxite-producing states.'\n },\n {\n id:108,\n stem:'Doha Development Agenda, sometimes seen in news, refers to the affairs of:',\n correct:'WTO',\n options:['UNFCCC','UNCTAD','UNDP','WTO'],\n exp:'The Doha Development Agenda (DDA), also called the Doha Development Round, is a round of trade negotiations launched at the WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar in 2001. It aimed to lower trade barriers and revise trade rules, with a particular focus on developing country interests. The negotiations have been protracted and largely stalled. UNFCCC handles climate change (Doha 2012 COP18 extended Kyoto Protocol but is a separate context). UNCTAD and UNDP are different UN bodies.'\n },\n {\n id:109,\n stem:'With reference to \\'monosodium glutamate\\' (MSG) used in processed foods, which of the following statements is\/are correct?\\n1. MSG is not a naturally occurring substance.\\n2. MSG is a neurotransmitter.\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'2 only',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'Statement 1 is FALSE: MSG (monosodium glutamate) occurs naturally in many foods \u2014 tomatoes, parmesan cheese, mushrooms, soy sauce, and anchovies all contain free glutamate. Industrially, MSG is produced by bacterial fermentation of sugars. Statement 2 is CORRECT: Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS, acting on NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors. So MSG is indeed a salt of a neurotransmitter. Only statement 2 is correct.'\n },\n {\n id:110,\n stem:'In the parliamentary form of government, the:',\n correct:'Executive is responsible to the legislature',\n options:['Executive is responsible to the legislature','Legislature is responsible to the executive','Judiciary is responsible to the executive','Legislature is responsible to the judiciary'],\n exp:'The defining feature of the parliamentary system (Westminster model, as in India, UK) is the principle of collective responsibility \u2014 the executive (Council of Ministers) is collectively responsible to the legislature (Lok Sabha\/House of Commons). The government must maintain the confidence of the lower house and falls if it loses a vote of no-confidence. This is in contrast to the presidential system (USA) where the executive is independent and not responsible to the legislature.'\n },\n {\n id:111,\n stem:'The term \\'Ramsar Convention\\', sometimes seen in news, refers to:',\n correct:'Conservation of wetlands',\n options:['Conservation of forests','Conservation of wetlands','Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions','Controlling wildlife trafficking'],\n exp:'The Ramsar Convention (formally the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat) was adopted in Ramsar, Iran in 1971 and is the oldest intergovernmental environmental treaty. It focuses on the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. Countries designate Ramsar Sites \u2014 wetlands of international importance. India has over 75 Ramsar sites. Climate treaties = UNFCCC\/Paris\/Kyoto. Wildlife trade = CITES. Forest conservation = no single convention name used commonly.'\n },\n {\n id:112,\n stem:'In India, who heads the National Disaster Management Authority?',\n correct:'Prime Minister',\n options:['Prime Minister','Union Minister for Home Affairs','Cabinet Secretary','Secretary, Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change'],\n exp:'The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was established under the Disaster Management Act, 2005. The Prime Minister of India is the ex-officio Chairperson of the NDMA. The Vice-Chairperson is a Cabinet Minister designated by the PM. The NDMA is responsible for laying down policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management in India. State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) are headed by respective Chief Ministers.'\n },\n {\n id:113,\n stem:'Natural gas is used for the production of which of the following?\\n1. Detergents and soaps\\n2. Electricity\\n3. Fertilizers for crops\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'2 and 3 only',\n options:['1, 2 and 3','2 and 3 only','2 only','3 only'],\n exp:'Natural gas (primarily methane) is used for: (2) Electricity generation \u2014 in gas turbines and combined cycle power plants (widely used, highly efficient). (3) Fertilizer production \u2014 natural gas is the primary feedstock for the Haber-Bosch process to produce ammonia (NH\u2083) for nitrogenous fertilizers (urea, ammonium nitrate). Detergents and soaps (1) are produced from petroleum derivatives (alkylbenzene sulfonates from naphtha\/kerosene fractions) and fats\/oils \u2014 NOT from natural gas directly. So 2 and 3 only are correct.'\n },\n {\n id:114,\n stem:'Which of the following parts of the human body can be used as a sample for the presence of mercury?\\n1. Blood\\n2. Hair\\n3. Nail\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'1, 2 and 3',\n options:['1 only','2 and 3 only','3 only','1, 2 and 3'],\n exp:'Mercury biomonitoring uses multiple biological matrices: (1) Blood \u2014 measures recent\/acute exposure; methylmercury in red blood cells, inorganic Hg in plasma. (2) Hair \u2014 the most useful for chronic\/historical exposure; mercury is incorporated into the growing hair shaft, allowing reconstruction of exposure timeline (scalp end = recent, distal end = older). (3) Nails \u2014 accumulate mercury similarly to hair via keratin binding; useful for chronic exposure assessment. All three are valid biological specimens for mercury detection.'\n },\n {\n id:115,\n stem:'Which of the following is\/are known as \\'ozone-depleting substances\\'?\\n1. Black carbon\\n2. Halons\\n3. Oxides of nitrogen\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'2 only',\n options:['1 and 2 only','2 only','1 and 3 only','1, 2 and 3'],\n exp:'Ozone-depleting substances (ODS) are chemicals regulated under the Montreal Protocol. They include: CFCs, HCFCs, halons, carbon tetrachloride, methyl bromide, and HBFCs. Halons (statement 2) \u2014 used in fire extinguishers, release bromine which is 40\u00d7 more effective at ozone destruction than chlorine \u2014 are major ODS. Black carbon (statement 1) affects climate but is NOT an ODS. Oxides of nitrogen (NO\u2093, statement 3) can react with ozone in the stratosphere but are NOT classified as ODS under Montreal Protocol. Only halons (2) qualify.'\n },\n {\n id:116,\n stem:'Consider the following statements:\\n1. All organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) enter the human body through food chain only.\\n2. Some of the OCPs are categorised as Persistent Organic Pollutants.\\n\\nWhich of the statements given above is\/are correct?',\n correct:'2 only',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'Statement 1 is FALSE: OCPs (DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, etc.) enter the human body via multiple routes \u2014 food chain (bioaccumulation\/biomagnification in fatty tissues) is the major route, but also via inhalation (volatilisation from soil\/water), dermal absorption (occupational\/agricultural exposure), and drinking water. Entry is not exclusively through the food chain. Statement 2 is CORRECT: Several OCPs (DDT, chlordane, dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, heptachlor) are listed among the \"Dirty Dozen\" Persistent Organic Pollutants under the Stockholm Convention. Only statement 2 is correct.'\n },\n {\n id:117,\n stem:'With reference to mercury pollution, which of the following statements are correct?\\n1. Once released into the environment, mercury can turn into methyl mercury.\\n2. Mercury can enter the human body through inhalation.\\n3. As regards the entry and accumulation of mercury in humans, contaminated fish is an important source.\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'1, 2 and 3',\n options:['1 and 2 only','2 and 3 only','1 and 3 only','1, 2 and 3'],\n exp:'All three statements are correct: (1) Inorganic mercury released into aquatic environments is methylated by sulphate-reducing bacteria to methylmercury (MeHg) \u2014 the highly toxic, bioavailable organic form that biomagnifies. (2) Mercury vapour (elemental Hg) is inhaled in occupational settings (chloralkali plants, thermometer manufacturing); absorbed ~80% through lungs. (3) Methylmercury accumulates in fish and shellfish via food chain biomagnification \u2014 contaminated fish (especially large predatory fish) is the primary route of human MeHg exposure (Minamata disease). All three are correct.'\n },\n {\n id:118,\n stem:'Consider the following statements:\\n1. In India, the executive power of a State is vested in its Chief Minister.\\n2. Union Territories are administered by the President of India through an Administrator appointed by him.\\n\\nWhich of the statements given above is\/are correct?',\n correct:'2 only',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'Statement 1 is FALSE: Under Article 154 of the Indian Constitution, the executive power of a State is vested in the GOVERNOR, not the Chief Minister. The Governor is the constitutional head; the Chief Minister is the head of government (real executive) but power is formally vested in the Governor. Statement 2 is CORRECT: Article 239 provides that Union Territories shall be administered by the President acting through an Administrator (Lieutenant Governor\/Administrator) appointed by the President. Only statement 2 is correct.'\n },\n {\n id:119,\n stem:'The quantity of water required to produce 1 kg of which of the following foods is largest?',\n correct:'Mutton',\n options:['Barley','Mutton','Potato','Wheat'],\n exp:'Water footprint per kg of food (approximate): Potato ~250 L, Barley ~1,400 L, Wheat ~1,500\u20131,800 L, Mutton\/lamb ~8,000\u201310,000 L. Animal products have far larger water footprints than crops because they require water for growing animal feed throughout the animal\\'s lifetime, in addition to drinking water and processing. Mutton has the largest water footprint among these four options by a significant margin, reflecting the long production cycle of ruminants.'\n },\n {\n id:120,\n stem:'What is \\'CRISPR-Cas9\\', sometimes seen in the news?',\n correct:'A targeted genome editing technique',\n options:['A targeted genome editing technique','A cancer-causing gene','A robotic surgical procedure','A technique of two-dimensional electrophoresis'],\n exp:'CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats \u2014 CRISPR-associated protein 9) is a revolutionary targeted genome editing technology. It uses a guide RNA to direct the Cas9 endonuclease to a specific DNA sequence, where it creates a double-strand break allowing precise gene deletion, correction, or insertion. Developed by Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier (Nobel Prize 2020), it has applications in treating genetic diseases, cancer therapy, agriculture, and basic research.'\n }\n ];\n\n function shuffle(arr){\n const a=[...arr];\n for(let i=a.length-1;i>0;i--){const j=Math.floor(Math.random()*(i+1));[a[i],a[j]]=[a[j],a[i]];}\n return a;\n }\n\n const LETTERS=['A','B','C','D'];\n let userAnswers={}, answered=0, shuffledOpts={};\n let timerRunning=false, timerRemaining=TIMER_SECS, timerInterval=null, graceInterval=null;\n let quizSubmitted=false;\n\n function fmtTime(s){\n const m=Math.floor(s\/60), sec=s%60;\n return String(m).padStart(2,'0')+':'+String(sec).padStart(2,'0');\n }\n\n function startTimer(){\n if(timerRunning||quizSubmitted)return;\n timerRunning=true;\n const btn=document.getElementById(NS+'-timer-btn');\n btn.textContent='\u23f1 '+fmtTime(timerRemaining);\n btn.classList.add('running');\n document.getElementById(NS+'-timer-item').classList.add('active');\n 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content:'';position:absolute;width:86px;height:86px;\n border-radius:50%;background:var(--white);\n}\n#cms16p1c .cq-ring-inner{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;line-height:1.2}\n#cms16p1c .cq-ring-pct{font-family:'Playfair Display',serif;font-size:1.3rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--teal)}\n#cms16p1c .cq-ring-sub{font-size:0.6rem;color:var(--ink-soft);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.05em}\n#cms16p1c .cq-score h2{font-family:'Playfair Display',serif;font-size:1.2rem;color:var(--ink);margin-bottom:8px}\n#cms16p1c .cq-net-line{font-size:1rem;color:var(--teal);font-weight:600;margin-bottom:6px}\n#cms16p1c .cq-verdict{font-size:0.85rem;color:var(--ink-soft);margin-bottom:20px}\n#cms16p1c .cq-score-bands{display:flex;justify-content:center;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:0.8rem}\n#cms16p1c .cq-band{padding:4px 12px;border-radius:16px;font-weight:600}\n#cms16p1c .cq-band-c{background:var(--correct-bg);color:var(--correct)}\n#cms16p1c .cq-band-w{background:var(--wrong-bg);color:var(--wrong)}\n#cms16p1c .cq-band-s{background:var(--teal-pale);color:var(--teal)}\n#cms16p1c .cq-retry-btn{\n margin-top:22px;background:transparent;border:2px solid var(--teal);\n color:var(--teal);border-radius:8px;padding:10px 28px;\n font-family:'Playfair Display',serif;font-size:0.95rem;font-weight:700;\n cursor:pointer;transition:background 0.2s,color 0.2s;\n}\n#cms16p1c .cq-retry-btn:hover{background:var(--teal);color:var(--white)}\n\n@media(max-width:480px){\n #cms16p1c .cq-header h1{font-size:1.15rem}\n #cms16p1c .cq-qtext{font-size:0.88rem}\n #cms16p1c .cq-opt-text{font-size:0.84rem}\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n<div id=\"cms16p1c\">\n\n <div class=\"cq-sentinel\" id=\"cms16p1c-sentinel\"><\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cq-statusbar\" id=\"cms16p1c-statusbar\">\n <div class=\"cq-sb-stats\">\n <div class=\"cq-timer-item\" id=\"cms16p1c-timer-item\">\u23f1 <strong id=\"cms16p1c-timer-display\">40:00<\/strong><\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-sb-item\">\u2705 <strong id=\"cms16p1c-sc\">0<\/strong><\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-sb-item\">\u274c <strong id=\"cms16p1c-sw\">0<\/strong><\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-sb-item\">\u23f3 <strong id=\"cms16p1c-sr\">40<\/strong> left<\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-sb-sep\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-sb-item\">Net <strong id=\"cms16p1c-sn\">0<\/strong> \/ <strong id=\"cms16p1c-sm\">160<\/strong><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-sb-progress\"><div class=\"cq-sb-fill\" id=\"cms16p1c-fill\"><\/div><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cq-grace\" id=\"cms16p1c-grace\">\n <div class=\"cq-grace-box\">\n <h3>Time's Up!<\/h3>\n <p>Submitting in<\/p>\n <div class=\"cq-grace-count\" id=\"cms16p1c-grace-count\">10<\/div>\n <button class=\"cq-grace-btn\" id=\"cms16p1c-grace-now\">Submit Now<\/button>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cq-header\">\n <h1>Combined Medical Services Examination 2016<br>Paper I \u00b7 Part C<\/h1>\n <p>Paediatrics \u00b7 General Studies \u00b7 Environment \u00b7 Food Science<\/p>\n <div class=\"cq-meta\">\n <span class=\"cq-badge\">Questions 81 \u2013 120<\/span>\n <span class=\"cq-badge\">Options reshuffled<\/span>\n <button class=\"cq-timer-btn\" id=\"cms16p1c-timer-btn\">\u23f1 Start Timed Mode<\/button>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"cq-body\">\n <div id=\"cms16p1c-questions\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-submit-wrap\">\n <button class=\"cq-btn\" id=\"cms16p1c-submit\">Submit Answers<\/button>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-score\" id=\"cms16p1c-score\">\n <div class=\"cq-score-ring\" id=\"cms16p1c-ring\">\n <div class=\"cq-ring-inner\">\n <span class=\"cq-ring-pct\" id=\"cms16p1c-ring-pct\">0%<\/span>\n <span class=\"cq-ring-sub\">score<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <h2>Your Result<\/h2>\n <div class=\"cq-net-line\" id=\"cms16p1c-net-line\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-verdict\" id=\"cms16p1c-verdict\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"cq-score-bands\">\n <span class=\"cq-band cq-band-c\" id=\"cms16p1c-ct-c\"><\/span>\n <span class=\"cq-band cq-band-w\" id=\"cms16p1c-ct-w\"><\/span>\n <span class=\"cq-band cq-band-s\" id=\"cms16p1c-ct-s\"><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <button class=\"cq-retry-btn\" id=\"cms16p1c-retry\">\u21ba Retry Quiz<\/button>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<script>\n(function(){\n 'use strict';\n const NS='cms16p1c', TOTAL=40, MAX=TOTAL*4;\n const TIMER_SECS=40*60;\n const GRACE_SECS=10;\n\n const QUESTIONS=[\n {\n id:81,\n stem:'For a three-year-old male child, the height for age is 82% of the expected for that age and weight for height is 65% of the expected value. The child is labelled as:',\n correct:'Wasted and stunted',\n options:['Normal','Wasted','Stunted','Wasted and stunted'],\n exp:'Stunting = low height-for-age (chronic malnutrition) \u2014 height 82% of expected means height-for-age is below 90% (cut-off), so the child is STUNTED. Wasting = low weight-for-height (acute malnutrition) \u2014 weight-for-height 65% of expected is well below the 80% cut-off (Waterlow criteria), so the child is also WASTED. When both are present simultaneously, the child is classified as wasted AND stunted, indicating both acute and chronic malnutrition coexisting.'\n },\n {\n id:82,\n stem:'For early infant diagnosis of HIV infection, which of the following tests is used as per the national programme?',\n correct:'DNA PCR test',\n options:['ELISA (IgG antibody test)','DNA PCR test','p24 antigen test','CD4 count'],\n exp:'In infants born to HIV-positive mothers, maternal IgG antibodies cross the placenta and persist up to 18 months, making antibody-based tests (ELISA, Western blot) unreliable before 18 months. The national programme (IMNCI\/RNTCP) uses HIV-1 DNA PCR (from dried blood spot on filter paper) for Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months. DNA PCR detects proviral DNA directly and is highly sensitive and specific in infants from 4\u20136 weeks of age.'\n },\n {\n id:83,\n stem:'A normal three-year-old baby should be able to do the following tasks EXCEPT:',\n correct:'Copying a square',\n options:['Using hands and feet simultaneously','Riding a tricycle','Copying a square','Using a pair of scissors'],\n exp:'Developmental milestones at 3 years: rides a tricycle (gross motor), uses scissors (fine motor), uses hands and feet simultaneously (bilateral coordination). Copying a SQUARE is a milestone achieved at 4\u20134.5 years, not 3 years. At 3 years, a child can copy a CIRCLE and a CROSS. Drawing a square requires more advanced visual-motor integration. The sequence is: circle (3 yr) \u2192 cross (3.5 yr) \u2192 square (4\u20134.5 yr) \u2192 triangle (5 yr) \u2192 diamond (6 yr).'\n },\n {\n id:84,\n stem:'A seven-year-old child presents with intermittent claudication, pain and weakness of legs and dyspnoea on running. Examination shows delayed and weak femoral pulses compared to brachial arteries. The heart size is normal with a left ventricular forcible apex. The most probable diagnosis is:',\n correct:'Coarctation of aorta',\n options:['Ventricular septal defect','Patent ductus arteriosus','Atrial septal defect','Coarctation of aorta'],\n exp:'The hallmark of coarctation of the aorta is radio-femoral delay \u2014 brachial pulses are strong and early while femoral pulses are weak and delayed. Lower limb claudication and effort dyspnoea result from reduced aortic flow distal to the coarctation. LV is hypertrophied (forcible apex beat) due to increased afterload. Hypertension in arms with hypotension in legs is characteristic. Rib notching (from collaterals) is seen on CXR. This is the classic teaching case for coarctation.'\n },\n {\n id:85,\n stem:'A seven-day-old baby presents with vomiting and diarrhoea. Examination reveals cataract in both eyes and jaundice. What is the most probable diagnosis?',\n correct:'Galactosaemia',\n options:['Rh incompatibility','Galactosaemia','Congenital rubella syndrome','Congenital syphilis'],\n exp:'The triad of neonatal jaundice, bilateral cataracts, and vomiting\/diarrhoea starting in the first week of life after milk feeding is classic galactosaemia (galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency). Accumulation of galactose-1-phosphate damages the liver (jaundice, hepatomegaly), brain, kidneys, and lens (cataracts). Congenital rubella causes cataracts but usually presents with cardiac defects and SNHL. Rh incompatibility causes haemolytic jaundice without cataracts or GI symptoms.'\n },\n {\n id:86,\n stem:'The treatment of choice for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome is:',\n correct:'Intravenous immunoglobulins',\n options:['Corticosteroids','Intravenous immunoglobulins','Cyclosporins','ACTH'],\n exp:'Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy) is treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg, 0.4 g\/kg\/day \u00d7 5 days) or plasma exchange \u2014 both are equally effective and are the only disease-modifying treatments with proven benefit. Corticosteroids are specifically CONTRAINDICATED in GBS as they have been shown to worsen outcome and prolong recovery. Cyclosporin and ACTH have no role. Supportive care (ventilation for respiratory failure) is critical.'\n },\n {\n id:87,\n stem:'A two-year-old child is admitted with history of fever for two weeks and convulsions for the last one day. CSF examination shows: elevated pressure (30\u201340 cm H\u2082O), clear CSF, lymphocytic pleocytosis (250 cells\/mm\u00b3), elevated protein, and low chloride levels. What is the most probable diagnosis?',\n correct:'Tubercular meningitis',\n options:['Pyogenic meningitis','Tubercular meningitis','Acute encephalitis','Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)'],\n exp:'The CSF profile \u2014 clear fluid, lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated protein, LOW chloride (reduced along with low glucose in TBM), and elevated pressure \u2014 with a subacute 2-week febrile course in a child is classic tubercular meningitis. Low CSF chloride is a hallmark of TBM (parallels low glucose). Pyogenic meningitis has turbid CSF with neutrophilic pleocytosis and very low glucose. Encephalitis may show pleocytosis but normal\/near-normal protein and glucose. SSPE has high IgG\/measles antibodies, no fever-driven pleocytosis.'\n },\n {\n id:88,\n stem:'Features of Turner syndrome in childhood include the following EXCEPT:',\n correct:'Polydactyly',\n options:['Webbed neck','Cubitus valgus','Shield chest with widely spaced nipples','Polydactyly'],\n exp:'Turner syndrome (45, XO) features: short stature, webbed neck (pterygium colli), low posterior hairline, shield chest with widely spaced nipples, cubitus valgus (increased carrying angle), lymphoedema of hands\/feet at birth, coarctation of aorta, streak gonads, and primary amenorrhoea. Polydactyly (extra digits) is NOT a feature of Turner syndrome \u2014 it is seen in trisomy 13 (Patau), trisomy 18 (Edward), and various skeletal dysplasias. All the other listed features are classic Turner stigmata.'\n },\n {\n id:89,\n stem:'The following drugs can be used as steroid-sparing agents in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome in children EXCEPT:',\n correct:'Aspirin',\n options:['Levamisole','Aspirin','Cyclophosphamide','Mycophenolate mofetil'],\n exp:'Steroid-sparing agents in childhood nephrotic syndrome (for steroid-dependent or frequently-relapsing cases): levamisole (immunomodulator, restores T-cell function), cyclophosphamide (alkylating agent, induces prolonged remission), mycophenolate mofetil (inhibits lymphocyte proliferation), tacrolimus, and rituximab. Aspirin has NO role as a steroid-sparing agent in nephrotic syndrome \u2014 it is not immunosuppressive. It may be used as antiplatelet therapy in some protocols but is not a steroid-sparing drug.'\n },\n {\n id:90,\n stem:'In childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, the following are good prognostic factors EXCEPT:',\n correct:'Hypodiploidy',\n options:['Age between 1 and 9 years','Female sex','Leucocyte count less than 50,000\/mm\u00b3','Hypodiploidy'],\n exp:'Good prognostic factors in childhood ALL: age 1\u20139 years (NCI standard risk), female sex (slightly better than male), WBC <50,000\/mm\u00b3 (low tumour burden), B-cell precursor phenotype, hyperdiploidy >50 chromosomes (responds well to methotrexate), and TEL-AML1 (ETV6-RUNX1) translocation. Hypodiploidy (<45 chromosomes) is a POOR prognostic factor \u2014 associated with inferior response to therapy and worse event-free survival. Near-haploidy (<30 chromosomes) is especially ominous.'\n },\n {\n id:91,\n stem:'Consider the following statements:\\n1. Biodiversity is normally greater in the lower latitudes as compared to the higher latitudes.\\n2. Along the mountain gradients, biodiversity is normally greater in the lower altitudes as compared to the higher altitudes.\\n\\nWhich of the statements given above is\/are correct?',\n correct:'Both 1 and 2',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'Both statements reflect well-established ecological gradients. (1) The latitudinal diversity gradient: species richness is highest near the equator (tropics) and declines towards the poles, due to greater solar energy, year-round growing season, and evolutionary time. (2) The altitudinal diversity gradient mirrors the latitudinal gradient \u2014 lower altitudes have warmer temperatures, greater habitat complexity, and more resources, supporting higher biodiversity than cold, resource-limited high altitudes. Both statements are correct.'\n },\n {\n id:92,\n stem:'There is a growing concern about the melting of Arctic permafrost. Why?',\n correct:'It will result in the increase of methane concentration in atmosphere',\n options:['It will result in the increase of methane concentration in atmosphere','All the countries surrounding North Pole will be permanently submerged','The temperature of ocean currents will be drastically altered','The pH of the ocean water will be drastically changed'],\n exp:'Arctic permafrost contains enormous quantities of frozen organic carbon (estimated >1.5 trillion tonnes). As permafrost thaws due to global warming, soil microbes decompose this organic matter under anaerobic conditions, producing methane (CH\u2084) \u2014 a greenhouse gas ~80\u00d7 more potent than CO\u2082 over 20 years. This creates a dangerous positive feedback loop: warming \u2192 permafrost melt \u2192 methane release \u2192 more warming. This is the primary climate concern, not submergence or ocean pH (which is more related to CO\u2082 dissolution).'\n },\n {\n id:93,\n stem:'With reference to the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostics Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994, which of the following statements is\/are correct?\\n1. Every offence under this Act is cognizable non-bailable.\\n2. For the first offence, the penalty for the doctor is \\'up to 7 years of imprisonment with a fine up to Rs. 1,00,000\\'.\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'1 only',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'PC-PNDT Act 1994 (amended 2003): (1) All offences under the Act are cognizable and non-bailable \u2014 statement 1 is CORRECT. (2) For the FIRST offence: imprisonment up to 3 years and\/or fine up to Rs. 10,000 (not 7 years\/1,00,000). For the SECOND and subsequent offences: imprisonment up to 5 years and\/or fine up to Rs. 50,000. Statement 2 incorrectly states 7 years and Rs. 1,00,000 \u2014 these figures are WRONG. Only statement 1 is correct.'\n },\n {\n id:94,\n stem:'\\'Nagoya Protocol\\', sometimes seen in news, refers to:',\n correct:'Convention on Biological Diversity',\n options:['Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora','Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals','Convention on Biological Diversity','Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat'],\n exp:'The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilisation (ABS) is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), adopted in Nagoya, Japan in 2010 and in force since 2014. It creates a transparent framework for accessing genetic resources and ensuring fair sharing of benefits with the countries and communities providing those resources. CITES = wildlife trade; CMS = migratory species; Ramsar = wetlands.'\n },\n {\n id:95,\n stem:'Some substances known as \\'Short-Lived Climate Forcers\\' (SLCF) assume importance in the context of climate change. Which of the following is\/are SLCF?\\n1. Black carbon\\n2. Carbon dioxide\\n3. Hydrofluorocarbons\\n4. Methane\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'1, 3 and 4 only',\n options:['1 and 2 only','1, 3 and 4 only','3 and 4 only','1, 2, 3 and 4'],\n exp:'Short-Lived Climate Forcers (SLCFs) have atmospheric lifetimes of days to decades (not centuries). They include: black carbon (days to weeks), methane (CH\u2084, ~12 years), HFCs (months to decades), tropospheric ozone, and aerosols. CO\u2082 has an atmospheric lifetime of centuries to millennia \u2014 it is a LONG-lived greenhouse gas, NOT an SLCF. Statements 1 (black carbon), 3 (HFCs), and 4 (methane) are SLCFs. Statement 2 (CO\u2082) is not.'\n },\n {\n id:96,\n stem:'Consider the following statements:\\n1. Production of cement blended with fly ash or slag (blended cement) is less energy efficient compared to ordinary portland cement.\\n2. \\'Electricity and heat production\\' together constitute the single largest contributor of greenhouse gases in India.\\n\\nWhich of the statements given above is\/are correct?',\n correct:'2 only',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'Statement 1 is FALSE: Blended cement (fly ash + slag) is MORE energy efficient than ordinary Portland cement because it reduces the proportion of clinker (the energy-intensive component requiring kiln firing at ~1450\u00b0C). Using industrial by-products also reduces emissions. Statement 2 is CORRECT: globally and in India, electricity and heat production (thermal power plants burning coal) is the largest sectoral contributor to GHG emissions \u2014 approximately 25\u201330% globally and dominant in India given coal dependence. Only statement 2 is correct.'\n },\n {\n id:97,\n stem:'What is the present share of agriculture and allied sectors in the Gross Domestic Product of India?',\n correct:'Less than 20%',\n options:['Less than 20%','Between 20% and 30%','Between 31% and 35%','Above 35%'],\n exp:'India\\'s agriculture and allied sectors (farming, forestry, fishing) contributed approximately 15\u201318% of GDP at the time of this examination (2016), and the trend has continued downward in subsequent years (around 15\u201317% by the early 2020s). While agriculture employs the largest share of the workforce (~45%), its GDP share is well below 20% \u2014 reflecting the structural shift towards services and manufacturing. Option (a) \"Less than 20%\" is correct for the 2016 context.'\n },\n {\n id:98,\n stem:'The global warming potential is highest among which of the following greenhouse gases?',\n correct:'SF\u2086',\n options:['CO\u2082','CH\u2084','N\u2082O','SF\u2086'],\n exp:'Global Warming Potential (GWP) over 100 years: CO\u2082 = 1 (reference), CH\u2084 = ~28\u201336, N\u2082O = ~265\u2013298, SF\u2086 (sulphur hexafluoride) = ~23,500. SF\u2086 has by far the highest GWP of all gases listed \u2014 it is used as an electrical insulator in high-voltage equipment and as a tracer gas. It also has an extremely long atmospheric lifetime (~3,200 years). Among these four options, SF\u2086 has the greatest global warming potential per unit mass.'\n },\n {\n id:99,\n stem:'Which of the following is\/are included in the Kyoto Protocol?\\n1. Brominated flame retardants\\n2. Methyl alcohol\\n3. Hydrofluorocarbons\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'3 only',\n options:['1 and 2','2 and 3','3 only','1 only'],\n exp:'The Kyoto Protocol (1997) covers six greenhouse gases: CO\u2082, CH\u2084, N\u2082O, HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons), PFCs (perfluorocarbons), and SF\u2086. HFCs (statement 3) are included. Brominated flame retardants are regulated under the Stockholm Convention on POPs \u2014 NOT Kyoto Protocol. Methyl alcohol (methanol) is NOT a Kyoto Protocol gas. HFCs were later targeted for phase-down under the Kigali Amendment (2016) to the Montreal Protocol. Only statement 3 is correct for Kyoto.'\n },\n {\n id:100,\n stem:'In the context of food processing, the addition of sulfites to fruits and vegetables has which of the following effects?\\n1. Prevention of browning\\n2. Increase in sour taste\\n3. Destruction of thiamine\\n4. Preservation of thiamine\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'1 and 3 only',\n options:['1 and 3 only','2 and 3 only','2 and 4','1, 2 and 3'],\n exp:'Sulfites (SO\u2082, sodium metabisulphite) in food processing: (1) Prevent enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning (Maillard reaction) by inhibiting polyphenol oxidase and reacting with carbonyl groups \u2014 CORRECT. (2) They do not increase sour taste \u2014 WRONG. (3) Sulfites cleave the thiamine molecule (destroy the thiazole ring) \u2014 thiamine destruction is a well-known adverse effect of sulfite use \u2014 CORRECT. (4) Therefore they cannot preserve thiamine. Statements 1 and 3 are correct.'\n },\n {\n id:101,\n stem:'Which of the following has\/have antioxidant properties?\\n1. Ascorbic acid\\n2. Butylated hydroxyanisole\\n3. Stannous chloride\\n4. Tocopherol\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'1, 2, 3 and 4',\n options:['1, 2 and 3 only','2, 3 and 4 only','1 and 4 only','1, 2, 3 and 4'],\n exp:'All four have antioxidant activity: (1) Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) \u2014 primary water-soluble antioxidant, donates electrons to neutralise free radicals. (2) Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) \u2014 synthetic phenolic antioxidant used as a food preservative in fats\/oils. (3) Stannous chloride (SnCl\u2082) \u2014 used as an antioxidant\/reducing agent in canned foods and beverages to prevent oxidative discolouration. (4) Tocopherol (Vitamin E) \u2014 primary fat-soluble antioxidant, protects membrane lipids. All four are recognised antioxidants in food science.'\n },\n {\n id:102,\n stem:'In food processing, which of the following is\/are used as emulsifiers?\\n1. Carboxymethyl cellulose\\n2. Ethylene diamine tetra acetate\\n3. Propylene glycol\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'1 and 3 only',\n options:['1 only','2 and 3 only','1 and 3 only','1, 2 and 3'],\n exp:'Emulsifiers stabilise oil-water mixtures in food. (1) Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) acts as an emulsifier and thickener\/stabiliser in ice cream, salad dressings, and processed foods \u2014 correct. (3) Propylene glycol (propane-1,2-diol) functions as a humectant, solvent, and emulsifier in food products \u2014 correct. (2) EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetate) is a CHELATING AGENT\/preservative used to sequester metal ions and prevent rancidity \u2014 it is NOT an emulsifier. So 1 and 3 are emulsifiers.'\n },\n {\n id:103,\n stem:'To test the adulteration of milk, 3 ml of milk is boiled, cooled to room temperature, and two or three drops of iodine solution is added. The milk turned blue. This indicates that the milk is adulterated with:',\n correct:'Starch',\n options:['Sodium bicarbonate','Glucose','Starch','Urea'],\n exp:'The iodine test for starch is based on the formation of a deep blue-black complex when iodine (I\u2083\u207b) binds within the helical structure of amylose in starch. Starch is commonly added to milk as an adulterant to increase apparent viscosity and solid content. Turning blue on adding iodine solution is the confirmatory test for starch adulteration. Sodium bicarbonate adulteration is tested with Rosolic acid. Urea is detected by urease + bromothymol blue. Glucose addition is tested by Benedict\\'s reagent.'\n },\n {\n id:104,\n stem:'With reference to food preservation, which of the following statements is\/are correct?\\n1. Pasteurisation means the heating of a food product to a sufficiently high temperature to kill all the microorganisms present in it.\\n2. In the case of food preservation by sterilisation by heat, foods high in acid are very easily sterilised as compared to those low in acid.\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'2 only',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'Statement 1 is FALSE: Pasteurisation does NOT kill ALL microorganisms \u2014 it kills pathogens and reduces spoilage organisms, but heat-resistant spores (e.g., Clostridium) survive. STERILISATION (autoclaving) kills all organisms. Pasteurisation extends shelf life without complete sterilisation. Statement 2 is CORRECT: high-acid foods (pH <4.6, e.g., tomatoes, fruit juices) are more easily heat-sterilised because the acidic environment inhibits bacterial growth and the germination of spores, requiring lower temperatures\/time.'\n },\n {\n id:105,\n stem:'Consider the following statements:\\n1. Pasteurisation by heat is used in the processing of fruit juices.\\n2. Water glass is used in the preservation of eggs.\\n\\nWhich of the statements given above is\/are correct?',\n correct:'Both 1 and 2',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'Statement 1 is CORRECT: Fruit juices are pasteurised (heated to 62\u201372\u00b0C for specified times) to destroy pathogens and spoilage yeasts\/moulds while preserving nutritional value. HTST and flash pasteurisation are used commercially for juices. Statement 2 is CORRECT: Water glass (sodium silicate solution) is a traditional method of preserving eggs \u2014 eggs are immersed in the solution which seals the porous shell, preventing CO\u2082 and water loss and blocking microbial entry, extending shelf life for months. Both statements are correct.'\n },\n {\n id:106,\n stem:'With reference to irradiation for food processing, which of the following statements is\/are correct?\\n1. Cobalt-60 produces ionising radiation, therefore it is used in the process of irradiation of food.\\n2. Ultra-violet rays are the only ionising radiation used for irradiation of food.\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'1 only',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'Statement 1 is CORRECT: Cobalt-60 emits gamma rays (ionising radiation) and is widely used as a gamma irradiation source for food irradiation to eliminate pathogens, extend shelf life, and prevent sprouting (e.g., in spices, grains, meat). Statement 2 is FALSE: UV rays are NON-ionising radiation (insufficient energy to ionise atoms); they are used for surface decontamination of water\/air but not for bulk food irradiation. Ionising radiation sources for food include gamma (Co-60, Cs-137), electron beams, and X-rays.'\n },\n {\n id:107,\n stem:'Among the following pairs of States, in India, major deposits of bauxite are concentrated in:',\n correct:'Jharkhand and Odisha',\n options:['Jharkhand and Odisha','Assam and West Bengal','Bihar and Haryana','Punjab and Rajasthan'],\n exp:'India is among the world\\'s top bauxite producers. Major deposits are concentrated in: Odisha (largest reserves, especially in Koraput and Kalahandi districts), Jharkhand (Lohardaga, Ranchi), Andhra Pradesh\/Telangana, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh. The eastern plateau region (Odisha and Jharkhand) hosts the bulk of India\\'s laterite-associated bauxite. Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, and Rajasthan are not significant bauxite-producing states.'\n },\n {\n id:108,\n stem:'Doha Development Agenda, sometimes seen in news, refers to the affairs of:',\n correct:'WTO',\n options:['UNFCCC','UNCTAD','UNDP','WTO'],\n exp:'The Doha Development Agenda (DDA), also called the Doha Development Round, is a round of trade negotiations launched at the WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar in 2001. It aimed to lower trade barriers and revise trade rules, with a particular focus on developing country interests. The negotiations have been protracted and largely stalled. UNFCCC handles climate change (Doha 2012 COP18 extended Kyoto Protocol but is a separate context). UNCTAD and UNDP are different UN bodies.'\n },\n {\n id:109,\n stem:'With reference to \\'monosodium glutamate\\' (MSG) used in processed foods, which of the following statements is\/are correct?\\n1. MSG is not a naturally occurring substance.\\n2. MSG is a neurotransmitter.\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'2 only',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'Statement 1 is FALSE: MSG (monosodium glutamate) occurs naturally in many foods \u2014 tomatoes, parmesan cheese, mushrooms, soy sauce, and anchovies all contain free glutamate. Industrially, MSG is produced by bacterial fermentation of sugars. Statement 2 is CORRECT: Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS, acting on NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors. So MSG is indeed a salt of a neurotransmitter. Only statement 2 is correct.'\n },\n {\n id:110,\n stem:'In the parliamentary form of government, the:',\n correct:'Executive is responsible to the legislature',\n options:['Executive is responsible to the legislature','Legislature is responsible to the executive','Judiciary is responsible to the executive','Legislature is responsible to the judiciary'],\n exp:'The defining feature of the parliamentary system (Westminster model, as in India, UK) is the principle of collective responsibility \u2014 the executive (Council of Ministers) is collectively responsible to the legislature (Lok Sabha\/House of Commons). The government must maintain the confidence of the lower house and falls if it loses a vote of no-confidence. This is in contrast to the presidential system (USA) where the executive is independent and not responsible to the legislature.'\n },\n {\n id:111,\n stem:'The term \\'Ramsar Convention\\', sometimes seen in news, refers to:',\n correct:'Conservation of wetlands',\n options:['Conservation of forests','Conservation of wetlands','Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions','Controlling wildlife trafficking'],\n exp:'The Ramsar Convention (formally the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat) was adopted in Ramsar, Iran in 1971 and is the oldest intergovernmental environmental treaty. It focuses on the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. Countries designate Ramsar Sites \u2014 wetlands of international importance. India has over 75 Ramsar sites. Climate treaties = UNFCCC\/Paris\/Kyoto. Wildlife trade = CITES. Forest conservation = no single convention name used commonly.'\n },\n {\n id:112,\n stem:'In India, who heads the National Disaster Management Authority?',\n correct:'Prime Minister',\n options:['Prime Minister','Union Minister for Home Affairs','Cabinet Secretary','Secretary, Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change'],\n exp:'The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was established under the Disaster Management Act, 2005. The Prime Minister of India is the ex-officio Chairperson of the NDMA. The Vice-Chairperson is a Cabinet Minister designated by the PM. The NDMA is responsible for laying down policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management in India. State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) are headed by respective Chief Ministers.'\n },\n {\n id:113,\n stem:'Natural gas is used for the production of which of the following?\\n1. Detergents and soaps\\n2. Electricity\\n3. Fertilizers for crops\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'2 and 3 only',\n options:['1, 2 and 3','2 and 3 only','2 only','3 only'],\n exp:'Natural gas (primarily methane) is used for: (2) Electricity generation \u2014 in gas turbines and combined cycle power plants (widely used, highly efficient). (3) Fertilizer production \u2014 natural gas is the primary feedstock for the Haber-Bosch process to produce ammonia (NH\u2083) for nitrogenous fertilizers (urea, ammonium nitrate). Detergents and soaps (1) are produced from petroleum derivatives (alkylbenzene sulfonates from naphtha\/kerosene fractions) and fats\/oils \u2014 NOT from natural gas directly. So 2 and 3 only are correct.'\n },\n {\n id:114,\n stem:'Which of the following parts of the human body can be used as a sample for the presence of mercury?\\n1. Blood\\n2. Hair\\n3. Nail\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'1, 2 and 3',\n options:['1 only','2 and 3 only','3 only','1, 2 and 3'],\n exp:'Mercury biomonitoring uses multiple biological matrices: (1) Blood \u2014 measures recent\/acute exposure; methylmercury in red blood cells, inorganic Hg in plasma. (2) Hair \u2014 the most useful for chronic\/historical exposure; mercury is incorporated into the growing hair shaft, allowing reconstruction of exposure timeline (scalp end = recent, distal end = older). (3) Nails \u2014 accumulate mercury similarly to hair via keratin binding; useful for chronic exposure assessment. All three are valid biological specimens for mercury detection.'\n },\n {\n id:115,\n stem:'Which of the following is\/are known as \\'ozone-depleting substances\\'?\\n1. Black carbon\\n2. Halons\\n3. Oxides of nitrogen\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'2 only',\n options:['1 and 2 only','2 only','1 and 3 only','1, 2 and 3'],\n exp:'Ozone-depleting substances (ODS) are chemicals regulated under the Montreal Protocol. They include: CFCs, HCFCs, halons, carbon tetrachloride, methyl bromide, and HBFCs. Halons (statement 2) \u2014 used in fire extinguishers, release bromine which is 40\u00d7 more effective at ozone destruction than chlorine \u2014 are major ODS. Black carbon (statement 1) affects climate but is NOT an ODS. Oxides of nitrogen (NO\u2093, statement 3) can react with ozone in the stratosphere but are NOT classified as ODS under Montreal Protocol. Only halons (2) qualify.'\n },\n {\n id:116,\n stem:'Consider the following statements:\\n1. All organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) enter the human body through food chain only.\\n2. Some of the OCPs are categorised as Persistent Organic Pollutants.\\n\\nWhich of the statements given above is\/are correct?',\n correct:'2 only',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'Statement 1 is FALSE: OCPs (DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, etc.) enter the human body via multiple routes \u2014 food chain (bioaccumulation\/biomagnification in fatty tissues) is the major route, but also via inhalation (volatilisation from soil\/water), dermal absorption (occupational\/agricultural exposure), and drinking water. Entry is not exclusively through the food chain. Statement 2 is CORRECT: Several OCPs (DDT, chlordane, dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, heptachlor) are listed among the \"Dirty Dozen\" Persistent Organic Pollutants under the Stockholm Convention. Only statement 2 is correct.'\n },\n {\n id:117,\n stem:'With reference to mercury pollution, which of the following statements are correct?\\n1. Once released into the environment, mercury can turn into methyl mercury.\\n2. Mercury can enter the human body through inhalation.\\n3. As regards the entry and accumulation of mercury in humans, contaminated fish is an important source.\\n\\nSelect the correct answer:',\n correct:'1, 2 and 3',\n options:['1 and 2 only','2 and 3 only','1 and 3 only','1, 2 and 3'],\n exp:'All three statements are correct: (1) Inorganic mercury released into aquatic environments is methylated by sulphate-reducing bacteria to methylmercury (MeHg) \u2014 the highly toxic, bioavailable organic form that biomagnifies. (2) Mercury vapour (elemental Hg) is inhaled in occupational settings (chloralkali plants, thermometer manufacturing); absorbed ~80% through lungs. (3) Methylmercury accumulates in fish and shellfish via food chain biomagnification \u2014 contaminated fish (especially large predatory fish) is the primary route of human MeHg exposure (Minamata disease). All three are correct.'\n },\n {\n id:118,\n stem:'Consider the following statements:\\n1. In India, the executive power of a State is vested in its Chief Minister.\\n2. Union Territories are administered by the President of India through an Administrator appointed by him.\\n\\nWhich of the statements given above is\/are correct?',\n correct:'2 only',\n options:['1 only','2 only','Both 1 and 2','Neither 1 nor 2'],\n exp:'Statement 1 is FALSE: Under Article 154 of the Indian Constitution, the executive power of a State is vested in the GOVERNOR, not the Chief Minister. The Governor is the constitutional head; the Chief Minister is the head of government (real executive) but power is formally vested in the Governor. Statement 2 is CORRECT: Article 239 provides that Union Territories shall be administered by the President acting through an Administrator (Lieutenant Governor\/Administrator) appointed by the President. Only statement 2 is correct.'\n },\n {\n id:119,\n stem:'The quantity of water required to produce 1 kg of which of the following foods is largest?',\n correct:'Mutton',\n options:['Barley','Mutton','Potato','Wheat'],\n exp:'Water footprint per kg of food (approximate): Potato ~250 L, Barley ~1,400 L, Wheat ~1,500\u20131,800 L, Mutton\/lamb ~8,000\u201310,000 L. Animal products have far larger water footprints than crops because they require water for growing animal feed throughout the animal\\'s lifetime, in addition to drinking water and processing. Mutton has the largest water footprint among these four options by a significant margin, reflecting the long production cycle of ruminants.'\n },\n {\n id:120,\n stem:'What is \\'CRISPR-Cas9\\', sometimes seen in the news?',\n correct:'A targeted genome editing technique',\n options:['A targeted genome editing technique','A cancer-causing gene','A robotic surgical procedure','A technique of two-dimensional electrophoresis'],\n exp:'CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats \u2014 CRISPR-associated protein 9) is a revolutionary targeted genome editing technology. It uses a guide RNA to direct the Cas9 endonuclease to a specific DNA sequence, where it creates a double-strand break allowing precise gene deletion, correction, or insertion. Developed by Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier (Nobel Prize 2020), it has applications in treating genetic diseases, cancer therapy, agriculture, and basic research.'\n }\n ];\n\n function shuffle(arr){\n const a=[...arr];\n for(let i=a.length-1;i>0;i--){const j=Math.floor(Math.random()*(i+1));[a[i],a[j]]=[a[j],a[i]];}\n return a;\n }\n\n const LETTERS=['A','B','C','D'];\n let userAnswers={}, answered=0, shuffledOpts={};\n let timerRunning=false, timerRemaining=TIMER_SECS, timerInterval=null, graceInterval=null;\n let quizSubmitted=false;\n\n function fmtTime(s){\n const m=Math.floor(s\/60), sec=s%60;\n return String(m).padStart(2,'0')+':'+String(sec).padStart(2,'0');\n }\n\n function startTimer(){\n if(timerRunning||quizSubmitted)return;\n timerRunning=true;\n const btn=document.getElementById(NS+'-timer-btn');\n btn.textContent='\u23f1 '+fmtTime(timerRemaining);\n btn.classList.add('running');\n document.getElementById(NS+'-timer-item').classList.add('active');\n timerInterval=setInterval(function(){\n timerRemaining--;\n const disp=fmtTime(timerRemaining);\n document.getElementById(NS+'-timer-display').textContent=disp;\n btn.textContent='\u23f1 '+disp;\n const item=document.getElementById(NS+'-timer-item');\n if(timerRemaining<=300) item.classList.add('warning');\n if(timerRemaining<=0){clearInterval(timerInterval);timerInterval=null;triggerGrace();}\n },1000);\n }\n\n function stopTimer(){\n if(timerInterval){clearInterval(timerInterval);timerInterval=null;}\n timerRunning=false;\n }\n\n function triggerGrace(){\n if(quizSubmitted)return;\n let g=GRACE_SECS;\n document.getElementById(NS+'-grace-count').textContent=g;\n document.getElementById(NS+'-grace').classList.add('show');\n graceInterval=setInterval(function(){\n g--;\n document.getElementById(NS+'-grace-count').textContent=g;\n if(g<=0){clearInterval(graceInterval);dismissGrace();showScore();}\n },1000);\n }\n\n function dismissGrace(){\n document.getElementById(NS+'-grace').classList.remove('show');\n if(graceInterval){clearInterval(graceInterval);graceInterval=null;}\n }\n\n function build(){\n const container=document.getElementById(NS+'-questions');\n container.innerHTML='';\n userAnswers={};answered=0;shuffledOpts={};\n quizSubmitted=false;timerRunning=false;timerRemaining=TIMER_SECS;\n stopTimer();\n if(graceInterval){clearInterval(graceInterval);graceInterval=null;}\n dismissGrace();\n document.getElementById(NS+'-score').style.display='none';\n document.getElementById(NS+'-timer-item').classList.remove('active','warning');\n const btn=document.getElementById(NS+'-timer-btn');\n btn.textContent='\u23f1 Start Timed Mode';btn.classList.remove('running');\n document.getElementById(NS+'-timer-display').textContent=fmtTime(TIMER_SECS);\n updateStats();\n\n QUESTIONS.forEach(function(q){\n const opts=shuffle(q.options);shuffledOpts[q.id]=opts;\n const card=document.createElement('div');card.className='cq-card';\n card.innerHTML=\n '<div class=\"cq-qhead\">'+\n '<div class=\"cq-qnum\" id=\"'+NS+'-n'+q.id+'\">'+q.id+'<\/div>'+\n '<div class=\"cq-qtext\">'+q.stem.replace(\/\\n\/g,'<br>')+'<\/div>'+\n '<\/div>'+\n '<div class=\"cq-options\" id=\"'+NS+'-opts'+q.id+'\">'+\n opts.map(function(o,i){\n return '<div class=\"cq-opt\" id=\"'+NS+'-o'+q.id+'-'+i+'\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">'+\n '<span class=\"cq-opt-letter\">'+LETTERS[i]+'<\/span>'+\n '<span class=\"cq-opt-text\">'+o+'<\/span><\/div>';\n }).join('')+\n '<\/div>'+\n '<div class=\"cq-explanation\" id=\"'+NS+'-exp'+q.id+'\">'+\n '<div class=\"cq-exp-label\">Explanation<\/div>'+q.exp+'<\/div>';\n container.appendChild(card);\n opts.forEach(function(_,i){\n document.getElementById(NS+'-o'+q.id+'-'+i).addEventListener('click',function(){pick(q.id,i);});\n });\n });\n }\n\n function pick(qid,oi){\n if(userAnswers[qid]!==undefined||quizSubmitted)return;\n const q=QUESTIONS.find(function(x){return x.id===qid;});\n const 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