Morning Rounds · Renal Tubular Disorders Renal Tubular Acidosis — Comparison Feature Type I (Distal) Type II (Proximal) Type IV Normal AG acidosis Defect H⁺ secretion (collecting duct) HCO₃⁻ reabsorption (proximal tubule) Aldosterone deficiency /…
Morning Rounds · Glomerular Diseases Nephrotic vs Nephritic Syndrome Feature Nephrotic Nephritic Proteinuria >3.5 g/day (massive) <3.5 g/day (mild–mod) Haematuria Absent / minimal Prominent (RBC casts) Oedema Severe (hypoalbuminaemia) Mild–moderate (Na retention) BP / renal…
Morning Rounds · Chronic Kidney Disease CKD Staging — KDIGO 2012 (eGFR + Albuminuria) eGFR-based Stage Albuminuria Category (mg/g or mg/mmol) G1 Normal / High eGFR ≥ 90 G2 Mildly decreased 60 – 89 G3a…
Morning Rounds · Acute Kidney Injury AKI Classification Systems Stage Serum Creatinine Urine Output RIFLE: Risk KDIGO: Stage 1 ↑ ≥1.5× baseline OR ≥0.3 mg/dL (within 48 h) <0.5 mL/kg/h for >6 h RIFLE: Injury…
Respiratory Pharmacology · Paediatrics Bolus One patient. Ten visits. One story. ↳ Raju, 8. Wheezing since age 4. First proper visit. Raju can breathe easy. ↻ Visit Again
Morning Rounds · Rheumatology Series RheumatologySummative Revision Notes Seven rounds · NEET-PG and UPSC CMS · Key facts, tables, and diagrams RA SLE & APS Spondyloarthropathies Crystal Arthropathies Vasculitides Myopathies & Scleroderma Mixed High-Yield These…
Morning Rounds · Rheumatology Mixed High-Yield Round Antibody Disease Key Point Anti-dsDNA SLE (specific) Titres track disease activity Anti-Sm SLE (most specific) Does not track activity Anti-histone Drug-induced lupus Anti-dsDNA absent in DIL Anti-SSA (Ro)…
Morning Rounds · Myopathies, Sjogren's & Scleroderma Limited SSc (lcSSc) Diffuse SSc (dcSSc) Key Associations Antibody: Anti-centromere (ACA) Antibody: Anti-Scl-70 (topoisomerase I) ACA: PAH, CREST, late ILD Skin: Distal to elbows/knees Skin: Trunk, face, proximal…
Morning Rounds · Vasculitides Large Medium Small vessel size Takayasu Arteritis Aorta & branches; <40 yrs Giant Cell Arteritis Temporal a.; >50 yrs; PMR Polyarteritis Nodosa Spares lung; HBV assoc. Kawasaki Disease Children; coronary aneurysm…
Morning Rounds · Crystal Arthropathies Stage 1 Asymptomatic Hyperuricaemia no crystals yet Stage 2 Acute Gout Acute MSU crystal synovitis; MTP1 Stage 3 Intercritical Asymptomatic intervals; ULT target Stage 4 Chronic Tophaceous Tophi; chronic joint…