Morning Rounds · Breast, Thyroid & Endocrine Surgery Thyroid Carcinoma — Comparative Features Feature Papillary Follicular Medullary Anaplastic Frequency MC (~80%) ~10% ~5–8% ~2% (worst) Spread Lymphatic (LN) Haematogenous Lymphatic + haematogenous Direct invasion Tumour…
Morning Rounds · Hepatobiliary & Pancreas Acute Cholangitis — Clinical Grading & Features Syndrome Features Implication Charcot's Triad (RUQ pain + fever + jaundice) Biliary colic + fever/rigors + obstructive jaundice (Courvoisier's sign absent here)…
Morning Rounds · Lower GI Surgery Crohn's Disease vs Ulcerative Colitis — Surgical Differentiators Feature Crohn's Disease Ulcerative Colitis Distribution Any part mouth to anus; skip lesions Rectum → proximal, continuous; always involves rectum Wall…
Morning Rounds · Upper GI Surgery Achalasia — Pathophysiology & Manometric Pattern Feature Normal Achalasia LES tone Normal (15–35 mmHg); relaxes with swallow Elevated (>45 mmHg); fails to relax Oesophageal body Progressive peristaltic contractions Aperistalsis…
Morning Rounds · Surgery Series SurgeryA Guide to the Morning Rounds Series Seven high-yield rounds · 35 clinical cases · NEET-PG · +4 / −1 scoring Surgery is a subject that rewards a particular kind…
Morning Rounds · Nephrology Series NephrologySummative Revision Notes Seven topics · NEET-PG and UPSC CMS · Key facts, tables, and diagrams AKI CKD Glomerular Tubular Electrolytes Dialysis & Transplant Hereditary & Vascular These notes summarise…
Morning Rounds · Nephrology Series NephrologyA Guide to the Morning Rounds Series Seven high-yield rounds · 35 clinical cases · NEET-PG and UPSC CMS · +4 / −1 scoring Nephrology sits at a peculiar crossroads…
Morning Rounds · Hereditary, Vascular & Structural Nephrology ADPKD — Extrarenal Manifestations PKD1 / PKD2 Polycystin defect Intracranial Berry Aneurysms 5–10% of patients Most feared complication — SAH Hepatic Cysts Commonest extrarenal feature Usually asymptomatic…
Morning Rounds · Dialysis & Transplantation Renal Transplant Rejection — Types & Features Type Timing Mechanism Histology Treatment Hyperacute Minutes–hours on table Pre-formed anti-donor HLA antibodies (AMR) Thrombosis, necrosis fibrin thrombi Irreversible; graft removal Acute…
Morning Rounds · Electrolytes — The Renal Lens Hyponatraemia — Diagnostic Framework Serum Osmolality High (>290): Hyperglycaemia Normal (280–290): Pseudohyponatraemia (hyperlipidaemia, hyperproteinaemia) Low (<280): True hyponatraemia Assess volume status + urine Na Hypovolaemic U-Na <20:…
