Morning Rounds · Lower GI Surgery Crohn's Disease vs Ulcerative Colitis — Surgical Differentiators Feature Crohn's Disease Ulcerative Colitis Distribution Any part mouth to anus; skip lesions Rectum → proximal, continuous; always involves rectum Wall…
Morning Rounds · Upper GI Surgery Achalasia — Pathophysiology & Manometric Pattern Feature Normal Achalasia LES tone Normal (15–35 mmHg); relaxes with swallow Elevated (>45 mmHg); fails to relax Oesophageal body Progressive peristaltic contractions Aperistalsis…
Morning Rounds · Surgery Series SurgeryA Guide to the Morning Rounds Series Seven high-yield rounds · 35 clinical cases · NEET-PG · +4 / −1 scoring Surgery is a subject that rewards a particular kind…
Morning Rounds · Nephrology Series NephrologySummative Revision Notes Seven topics · NEET-PG and UPSC CMS · Key facts, tables, and diagrams AKI CKD Glomerular Tubular Electrolytes Dialysis & Transplant Hereditary & Vascular These notes summarise…
Morning Rounds · Nephrology Series NephrologyA Guide to the Morning Rounds Series Seven high-yield rounds · 35 clinical cases · NEET-PG and UPSC CMS · +4 / −1 scoring Nephrology sits at a peculiar crossroads…
Morning Rounds · Hereditary, Vascular & Structural Nephrology ADPKD — Extrarenal Manifestations PKD1 / PKD2 Polycystin defect Intracranial Berry Aneurysms 5–10% of patients Most feared complication — SAH Hepatic Cysts Commonest extrarenal feature Usually asymptomatic…
Morning Rounds · Dialysis & Transplantation Renal Transplant Rejection — Types & Features Type Timing Mechanism Histology Treatment Hyperacute Minutes–hours on table Pre-formed anti-donor HLA antibodies (AMR) Thrombosis, necrosis fibrin thrombi Irreversible; graft removal Acute…
Morning Rounds · Electrolytes — The Renal Lens Hyponatraemia — Diagnostic Framework Serum Osmolality High (>290): Hyperglycaemia Normal (280–290): Pseudohyponatraemia (hyperlipidaemia, hyperproteinaemia) Low (<280): True hyponatraemia Assess volume status + urine Na Hypovolaemic U-Na <20:…
Morning Rounds · Renal Tubular Disorders Renal Tubular Acidosis — Comparison Feature Type I (Distal) Type II (Proximal) Type IV Normal AG acidosis Defect H⁺ secretion (collecting duct) HCO₃⁻ reabsorption (proximal tubule) Aldosterone deficiency /…
Morning Rounds · Glomerular Diseases Nephrotic vs Nephritic Syndrome Feature Nephrotic Nephritic Proteinuria >3.5 g/day (massive) <3.5 g/day (mild–mod) Haematuria Absent / minimal Prominent (RBC casts) Oedema Severe (hypoalbuminaemia) Mild–moderate (Na retention) BP / renal…