Causes of neonatal seizures stratified by time of onset.
HIE dominates the first 24 hours.
Metabolic causes (hypoglycaemia, hypocalcaemia) are correctable and must be excluded immediately in every case.
HSV encephalitis presenting after 72 hours warrants empirical aciclovir until excluded.
Pyridoxine dependency is rare but should be considered in refractory seizures at any age with no other cause found.